討論區

(2) 參考答案
\[
\quad \text{Let } P = \begin{bmatrix} a & c \\ b & d \end{bmatrix},
\quad
D = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
\text{由上}
\]
\[
\bigl((P^t)^{-1}\bigr) A^t (P^t) = D
\]
\[
(P^t)^{-1}
=
\left(
\begin{bmatrix}
a & b \\
c & d
\end{bmatrix}
\right)^{-1}
=
\frac{1}{ad-bc}
\begin{bmatrix}
d & -b \\
-c & a
\end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
\text{得 } A^t \text{ 的兩個 linearly independent 的 eigenvector}
\]
\[
\left(
\frac{d}{ad-bc},
\frac{-c}{ad-bc}
\right),
\quad
\left(
\frac{-b}{ad-bc},
\frac{a}{ad-bc}
\right)
\]
\[
\text{對應的 eigenvalue 是 } \lambda_1,\ \lambda_2
\]
(4) 參考答案
\[
(4)\quad
\text{Let } P = \begin{bmatrix} a & c \\ b & d \end{bmatrix},
\quad
D = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
P^{-1} A^{-1} P
=
\left(
\begin{bmatrix}
\lambda_1 & 0 \\
0 & \lambda_2
\end{bmatrix}
\right)^{-1}
=
\frac{1}{\lambda_1 \lambda_2}
\begin{bmatrix}
\lambda_2 & 0 \\
0 & \lambda_1
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{1}{\lambda_1} & 0 \\
0 & \frac{1}{\lambda_2}
\end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
A^{-1} \text{ 的兩線性獨立的eigenvector } (a,b),\ (c,d)
\]
\[
\text{對應的 eigenvalue }
\frac{1}{\lambda_1},\ \frac{1}{\lambda_2}
\]
(3) 回覆
\[
\text{若 } D=\begin{bmatrix}
d_1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0\\
0 & d_2 & 0 & \cdots & 0\\
0 & 0 & d_3 & \cdots & 0\\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & d_n
\end{bmatrix}
\text{ 是對角方陣,}
\]
\[
\text{則 } D \text{ 可逆的條件是 } d_1,d_2,\dots,d_n \neq 0
\]
\[
\text{此時}
\quad
D^{-1}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{1}{d_1} & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0\\
0 & \frac{1}{d_2} & 0 & \cdots & 0\\
0 & 0 & \frac{1}{d_3} & \cdots & 0\\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & \frac{1}{d_n}
\end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
\text{因此 } D^{-1} \text{ 仍然是對角方陣。}
\]
\[
\text{因為反方陣的定義是 } DD^{-1}=I
\]
\[
\text{而對角方陣相乘時,只有對角線上的元素互相相乘,非對角線位置仍然是 } 0
\]
\[
\text{所以對角方陣的反方陣仍然是對角方陣。}
\]
(1) 參考答案
\[
\quad A \text{ 可對角化,可找到 } P
\]
\[
\text{s.t. } P^{-1} A P = D,\quad D \text{ 是對角矩陣}
\]
\[
(P^{-1} A P)^t = P^t A^t (P^{-1})^t
\]
\[
= P^t A^t (P^t)^{-1}
= \bigl((P^t)^{-1}\bigr)^{-1} A^t (P^t)^{-1}
= D^t = D
\]
\[
\text{找到 } (P^t)^{-1} \text{ s.t. } \bigl((P^t)^{-1}\bigr)^{-1} A^t (P^t)^{-1} = D
\]
\[
\therefore\ A^t \text{ 可對角化}
\]